Avoid the impulse to always make the character move! What really makes the shot flow well are the moments of stillness in juxtaposition with the movement.
Beyond the 12 Principles: Top 10 Advanced Performance Tips for Animators
These elements help to give the face an ‘active’ pose, rather than a static one, in the same way that we can create an active full body pose. The face feels ‘fleshy’, flexible and organic, rather than hard and plastic.
You can explore many avenues and inspirations to find just the right physicality and movement style for your character.
Let’s imagine the texture and rhythm in your animation is choreography set to a musical score. You need a wide range of elements to create a full composition, things like notes (low, high), tempo (adagio, allegro), and volume level (piano, forte etc.).
Keep the audio/dialogue in mind as well. The physical movements and the audio beats also need to dance around each other, and occasionally hit close together when emphasis is needed. Moments of stillness create punctuation in the performance.
1. Simplify: Simplify your shots to make them more believable and natural.
You will get a lot more out of a performance if you can get inside the character’s head, and open up the door to let the audience in there as well.
You can use specific inspiration to help you formulate your character’s ‘neutral pose’, as well as the style of movement that will show the audience a lot about their personality.
So if you START animating a shot from a neutral pose that is already IN CHARACTER, you’ll get much more of a sense of that character’s individual personality in the movement, and it becomes much easier to stay in his/her head as you’re creating the performance.
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In this scene from Despicable Me 2, there is a great variety of rhythms. There is quick movement juxtaposed with beats of stillness and big, broad motions juxtaposed with tight, staccato beats. The poses and silhouettes are very clear and appealing, and the breakdowns are extremely dynamic.
2. Act within the pose: Don’t add unnecessary new poses.
The above scene is a good example of two key acting tips: Simply and Act Within The Pose.
Pose extremes only exist on screen for 1 frame… that’s 1/24th of a second. It might seem very over-the-top, or TOO extreme when you are creating the pose, but remember, once the scene is playing back at full speed, that one extreme frame becomes quite muted to the eye.
You will get a lot more out of a performance if you can get inside the character’s head, and open up the door to let the audience in there as well. Animating directly to what a character’s dialogue is saying will usually give you a pretty one-dimensional performance, without much subtext.
In this shot (from 2:09), watch Chef Skinner change quickly from one emotion to the next, with a tiny beat of stillness in between each that shows us his thought processing moments and quick change of emotions based on what he’s thinking.
The interesting thing, is that we can use this already-attained knowledge to create dynamic facial poses as well!
3. Layers: Create a believable performance by layering animation techniques.
Emotionally speaking, when a character is feeling one emotion, and something happens to make the character feel something different in the shot, they need to have a thought-processing moment before the emotional change can happen. Without this moment, the acting will not appear spontaneous or believable.
Every part of the body should be expressing that character’s personality and emotion. Parts that can be easily overlooked might be the shoulders, the knees, the feet, and believe it or not, the hands. The lack of expression in parts of the body leaves the character feeling like he’s not fully engaged in the acting, and the performance can lack sincerity. It lowers the energy level overall.
Don’t change poses simply because there is a new emphasis in the dialogue!
In an animated film, there needs to be clarity of communication in order to effectively tell the story and engage the audience. As animators, it is our job to draw the audience in and build a performance that they can empathize with and be entertained by.
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For example, if I assessed that this character’s personality was very shy and nervous, his neutral pose might look something like this:
- Bass notes, i.e. Cello (main poses): The foundation upon which the shot is based.
- Middle notes, i.e. Viola (overlapping actions leading into and out of main poses and weight shifts to support the small gestures): This helps to connect the flow of action between the slower bass notes and the faster high notes.
- High notes, i.e. 1st and 2nd Violin (quick, staccato gestures with head, hands, shoulders, eyes, etc): This is the main melody and countermelody that dances throughout the shot and keeps the audience engaged in the character’s performance. This is what brings out the emphasis of emotion.
The ‘shoulder line’ becomes the line of the brows and the eyes.
4. Emotional hang time: Give your character time to transition through emotions.
A big issue that I see often is limited parts of the body being used to create expressions. Something that I learned while I was doing film and theater acting was a concept called ‘engaging the body.’ This works fantastically well for animation also.
You can also exaggerate the TY (Translate Y) value in the hips to connect the lower body more to the performance, which enhances the emotional delivery.
This doesn’t mean that you have to make every shot full of crazy hijinks. Be sure to balance the extremes with subtlety where appropriate in the performance.
Where the lines converge closer together on the right side, the face has a more squashed appearance. You can emphasize this by squashing the eye on that side.
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So the animator has a really big challenge when it comes to planning and executing a shot.
5.The neutral pose: Don’t start animating from a rig’s neutral pose, create your own.
In the scene from Ratatouille, above, the character essentially only uses TWO poses. The driving emotional forces are external (what did YOU do, how did YOU cook that?!) where he is hunched forward and glaring into the jar, and internal (how am I going to do this again?) where he clutches the jar to his chest and stands more upright and stiff.
The obvious example to describe this concept is with the good ol’ bouncing ball, when one force (bounce energy) runs out and another force (gravity) starts to take over, there is a moment of hang time, where we can see this changeover of forces occur.
We all know that a key element to creating dynamic body poses is the LINE OF ACTION. Other important lines are the shoulder lines and the hip lines. This opposition helps to emphasize the line of action, and make the pose feel active, rather than static.
Ok, ok… technically Exaggeration is one of the original 12 Principles of Animation… but it’s one that gets overlooked a lot.
The rest of the performance is layered with secondary gestures that emphasize the main emotional beats, and the main poses only change in intensity throughout the scene—i.e. they lean into or back out of the pose depending on how intense his emotions are.
Watch in this clip, how Chef Skinner uses really big TY in his movements. Even when we are seeing him from the waist up, we can still ‘feel’ every step he’s taking in his lower body, and this keeps his ENTIRE body engaged in the acting, even when we can’t see it.
6. Movement style: Give your character a specific movement style.
You need to build beats into the animation to show the audience that the character is mentally absorbing the events that are occurring in the shot, and processing them. I call these Micropauses (TM). A Micropause can be quick—the mind can process very quickly—but it has to be readable.
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If you were to put a dot right in the middle in between the brows, on the tip of the nose (imagine he has a nose!), the middle of the lips, and the center of the chin, and connect those dots with a line, you can see where the line of action is:
Editor’s Note: Contrapposto is an italian term, and is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot.
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A GREAT film to study to have a look at how well posture and movement style emphasize a character’s personality is Pixar’s short film, “Presto”. The characters are a great contrast to each other, and we really get a great sense of their individual personalities based on their physicality – of course in this film there is no dialogue, so their personalities are not determined by a voice actor… only by their posing and movement styles.
Think of a performance like an onion—it has layers.
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7. Dynamic facial posing: Use the line of action to create great expressions.
Where the lines diverge on the opposite side, the face has more stretch. This can be emphasized also by stretching the eye on that side:
Or maybe think of your character’s performance like a song—layering rhythms on top of each other to create interesting texture and timing within your animation. These rhythms should support your acting choices and enhance the performance overall.
Identify your character’s main traits and create a ‘neutral pose’ for how the character, as an individual with a distinct personality, might stand or sit while they’re just doing nothing. Create the performance with the character’s emotions for the scene from there. You’ll capture the character’s personality much more quickly and easily that way.
The ‘hip line’ becomes the line of the mouth and jaw.
This is NOT a neutral pose: This is the default pose used for rigging!
It is the juxtaposition of opposites that gives the animation MORE energy and life.
Linguine says a lot without any words at all in the above clip from Ratatouille. You KNOW he’s thinking that the little rat feet scampering gives him the heebie-jeebies just by his body language and gesture choices. You can ‘feel’ the subtext – you can almost hear his thoughts. And you can also see how Remy is thinking about how hungry he his, also without any dialogue at all.
You should NEVER start animating from this pose. It makes the character feel incredibly generic and static.
A great example is a style of dance. Here, Buzz Lightyear gets stuck in “Spanish” mode. The inspiration for his character’s behavior, was the Flamenco – a style of dance. This affected both the character’s poses, as well as the style of movement.
Emotionally speaking, when a character is feeling one emotion, and something happens to make the character feel something different in the shot, they need to have a thought-processing moment.
If you want to make your animation more cartoony and over the top, give the poses MORE CONTRAST (ie: reverse the curves in the spine, exaggerate the TY weight shift, squash and stretch), and speed up the transition of the pose changes, and exaggerate the ‘smear’ in the dynamic breakdowns to help draw the viewers’ eye through the very quick transitions.
8. Engaging the body: Use your character’s whole body in their performance.
In order for the audience to be entertained by the characters, the shots need to be appealing in composition, posing, rhythm and phrasing, and contain acting choices that feel fresh.
Dana Boadway-Masson is a 15-year animation veteran and worked on every medium in games, film, television, and much more. As a natural performer with extensive training in dancing and acting, Dana brings an expert knowledge to train animators to become performers. Take the first step and become an animator so you can learn from mentors like Dana.
In order for the audience to empathize, they need to believe in the characters. They have to appear to live and think on their own, react spontaneously, communicate clearly, and be appealing.
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There it is… contraposto in the face!
9. Exaggeration: Push your poses!
In this example, the notes might look like this:
With all of these tips in mind, you should be able to build up a shot with some lovely complexity and range. Good luck in your animation adventures!
The thoughts of the character will depend on the context of the shot. What happened directly previously, and what will be coming up after. Is there anything on the character’s mind that they’re not outwardly revealing? Some inner-turmoil? Some inner sorrow, or joy, or hate that is being kept inside?
We have a very SPECIAL blog post from veteran mentor, Dana Boadway-Masson. She walks you through her secrets on acting and shares performance tips that will help you create believable, living and breathing characters. A must-read for any animator that needs to take it to the next level. Learn, absorb it, and go animate that shot!
So many times I see animators trying to wedge too much information into a shot, and it ends up feeling as clear as mud, and the realism of the performance suffers. Avoid the impulse to always make the character move! The thing that really makes the shot flow well are the moments of stillness in juxtaposition with the movement.
…or if he was a more impatient kind of guy, the neutral pose might look like this:
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In order to get the pose to come out with the energy that the animation requires, it is often necessary to take it further than you think, even with more subtle, less physical shots.
10. Subtext: Animate a character’s thoughts rather than their words.
It’s pretty basic stuff – we all know this from Posing 101, and life drawing class.
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So, to summarize: Choose a few main poses to convey your character’s emotional state, but then focus on making adjustments and adding secondary gestures within each pose. No need to add a new pose every time their emotion shifts.
Watch in this character study as each person walks into the room and does essentially the same action. The choices of how to walk and stand, and how to react to a situation are completely different based on each character’s personality.
Identify the character’s emotional state of mind in the shot. Does this state change, and if so, determine the timing of the change. These emotional/mental states can and should be your character’s only MAIN POSE CHANGES. Don’t change poses simply because there is a new emphasis in the dialogue! Dialogue doesn’t drive action on the part of the character, THOUGHT DRIVES ACTION.
In the context of ‘acting within poses’, this concept is veeeeery important!
You don’t want the shot to feel ‘forced’ or ‘fake,’ which it will be if there are too many pose changes and performance elements.
Want to learn from Dana Boadway-Masson?
When a scene does have dialogue, a great trick to figuring out how to animate to a character’s thoughts is to write out the actual dialogue on paper, leaving spaces between the lines. Then, in a different color, write what the character is *thinking* right below what they’re saying. Now animate to those thoughts, instead of the words being said.
